Obtenga todas las publicaciones con la suma de los votos y si el usuario actual votó cada publicación

Ya casi llega con su consulta. Solo usa filter cláusula para obtener el recuento de votos del usuario actual

SELECT 
    post.postID as postID, 
    post.title as title, 
    post.author as author,
    post.created as created,
    COALESCE(sum(votes.vote), 0) as voteCount, 
    COALESCE(sum(votes.vote) filter (where votes.username= 'username'), 0) as userVote  -- in '' just provide username for current login user
FROM post 
LEFT JOIN votes ON post.postID = votes.postID 
GROUP BY 1,2,3,4 
ORDER BY 5 DESC

Otra forma es usando una combinación izquierda más como la siguiente:

SELECT 
    p.postID as postID, 
    p.title as title, 
    p.author as author,
    p.created as created,
    COALESCE(sum(v1.vote), 0) as voteCount, 
    COALESCE(v2.vote , 0) as userVote  -- in '' just provide username for current login user
FROM post p
LEFT JOIN votes v1 ON p.postID = v1.postID 
LEFT JOIN votes v2 on p.postID = v2.postID and v2.username='username'
GROUP BY 1,2,3,4,v2.vote
ORDER BY 5 DESC

DEMO