Lista de particiones en Postgres 12

No sé dónde encontraste esa sintaxis, obviamente no en el manual . Como puede ver ahí las particiones se crean usando create table .. as partition of en PostgreSQL:

Defina la tabla:

CREATE TABLE countrymeasurements
(
  countrycode int NOT NULL,
  countryname character varying(30) NOT NULL,
  languagename character varying (30) NOT NULL,
  daysofoperation character varying(30) NOT NULL,
  salesparts    bigint,
  replaceparts  bigint
)
PARTITION BY LIST(countrycode);

Defina las particiones:

create table india 
  partition of countrymeasurements 
  for values in (1);
  
create table japan
  partition of countrymeasurements 
  for values in (2);
  
create table china
  partition of countrymeasurements 
  for values in (3);

create table malaysia
  partition of countrymeasurements 
  for values in (4);