¿Cómo debo escapar de los caracteres dentro de esta consulta LIKE?

De Manual de MySQL :

Por lo tanto, debe escapar de la cadena para LIKE operador en dos pasos.

En PHP puede ser así:

// Your search string, for example, from POST field
$string = $_POST['column'];

// First step - LIKE escaping
$string = str_replace(array('\\', '_', '%'), array('\\\\', '\\_', '\\%'), $string);

// Second step - literal escaping
$string = mysql_real_escape_string($string);

// Result query
mysql_query("SELECT * FROM `table` WHERE `column` LIKE '%".$string."%'");

ACTUALIZACIÓN:

Usar MySQLi

// Connect to database
$mysqli = new mysqli('localhost', 'username', 'password', 'database');

// Your search string, for example, from POST field
$string = $_POST['column'];

// First step - LIKE escaping
$string = str_replace(['\\', '_', '%'], ['\\\\', '\\_', '\\%'], $string);

// Second step - literal escaping
$string = $mysqli->real_escape_string($string);

// Result query
$mysqli->query("SELECT * FROM `table` WHERE `column` LIKE '%{$string}%'");

Usar DOP

// Connect to database
$conn = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=database', 'username', 'password');

// Your search string, for example, from POST field
$string = $_POST['column'];

// First step - LIKE escaping
$string = str_replace(['\\', '_', '%'], ['\\\\', '\\_', '\\%'], $string);

// Second step - literal escaping
$string = $conn->quote($string);

// Result query
$conn->query("SELECT * FROM `table` WHERE `column` LIKE '%{$string}%'");

O puede usar declaración preparada de PDO , en lugar del segundo paso (escape literal):

// Connect to database
$conn = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=database', 'username', 'password');

// Your search string, for example, from POST field
$string = $_POST['column'];

// First step - LIKE escaping
$string = str_replace(['\\', '_', '%'], ['\\\\', '\\_', '\\%'], $string);

// Prepare a statement for execution
$statement = $conn->prepare("SELECT * FROM `table` WHERE `column` LIKE ?");

// Execute a prepared statement
$statement->execute(["%{$string}%"]);