Puedes usar un CASE
con agregados para esto (al menos en SQL Server, no estoy seguro acerca de MySQL):
...
COUNT(CASE WHEN date='1/31/14' THEN act_num ELSE NULL END) as 'Accts'
,SUM(CASE WHEN date='1/31/14' THEN act_bal ELSE NULL END) as 'AcctBal'
,COUNT(CASE WHEN date='10/31/13' THEN act_num ELSE NULL END) as 'PriorAccts'
,SUM(CASE WHEN date='10/31/13' THEN act_bal ELSE NULL END) as 'PriorAcctBal'
....
WHERE Date IN ('1/31/14', '10/31/13')