¿Cómo creo una partición para cada mes del año actual?

Esto podría ser un error o limitación.

Para la partición mensual, puede probar esto:

Demostración de SQLFiddle

ALTER TABLE t1 PARTITION BY RANGE(transaction_date)(
PARTITION JAN VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-02-01')),
PARTITION FEB VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-03-01')),
PARTITION MAR VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-04-01')),
PARTITION APR VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-05-01')),
PARTITION MAY VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-06-01')),
PARTITION JUN VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-07-01')),
PARTITION JUL VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-08-01')),
PARTITION AUG VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-09-01')),
PARTITION SEP VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-10-01')),
PARTITION `OCT` VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-11-01')),
PARTITION NOV VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2013-12-01')),
PARTITION `DEC` VALUES LESS THAN (UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2014-01-01'))
);

Si tiene una columna con FECHA como tipo de datos, puede probar esto para la partición diaria dentro de la partición mensual:intente usar subparticionamiento en MySQL

Demostración de SQLFiddle

ALTER TABLE t1 
PARTITION BY RANGE( MONTH(FROM_UNIXTIME(transaction_date) )
SUBPARTITION BY HASH( DAY(FROM_UNIXTIME(transaction_date)) )
SUBPARTITIONS 31 (
    PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (2),
    PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (3),
    PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (4),
    PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (5),
    PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (6),
    PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (7),
    PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN (8),
    PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (9),
    PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN (10),
    PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (11),
    PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN (12),
    PARTITION p11 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE
);