conv() está limitado a enteros de 64 bits. Puede convertir la parte alta y baja a decimal y luego sumarlos:
> select cast(conv(substr("000002dcc38af6f209e91518db3e79d3", 1, 16), 16, 10) as
decimal(65))*18446744073709551616 +
cast(conv(substr("000002dcc38af6f209e91518db3e79d3", 17, 16), 16, 10) as
decimal(65));
58055532535286745202684464101843
Donde 18446744073709551616 =2^64. Así que en tu caso:
> select cast(conv(substr(md5_key, 1, 16), 16, 10) as
decimal(65))*18446744073709551616 +
cast(conv(substr(md5_key, 17, 16), 16, 10) as
decimal(65))
from bigtable limit 1;