Esto se llama División relacional
SELECT a.name
FROM parent a
INNER JOIN rel b
ON a.parent_ID = b.parent_ID
WHERE b.prop_id IN (1,5)
GROUP BY a.name
HAVING COUNT(*) = 2
ACTUALIZACIÓN 1
si restricción única no se aplicó en prop_id
para cada parent_id
, DISTINCT
es necesario en este caso.
SELECT a.name
FROM parent a
INNER JOIN rel b
ON a.parent_ID = b.parent_ID
WHERE b.prop_id IN (1,5)
GROUP BY a.name
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT b.prop_id) = 2