SQL:cree una tabla temporal o CTE del primer día del mes y los nombres de los meses

Una forma usando un cte recursivo:

declare @calYear int = 5, @currentYear char(4) = '2014'

;with cte (dt) as (
    select DATEFROMPARTS(@currentyear,1,1) dt
    union all
    select dateadd(month,1,dt) 
    from cte where dt < dateadd(year,@calyear,DATEFROMPARTS(@currentyear,1,1))
    )

select year(dt) YearDesc, datename(month, dt) MonthName, month(dt) MonthNum, dt FirstDayOfMonth 
from cte
order by dt 

O usando una tabla de números:(en este caso master..spt_values)

declare @calYear int = 5, @currentYear char(4) = '2014'

;with cte2 (dt) as (
    select dateadd(month,number,DATEFROMPARTS(@currentyear,1,1)) dt
    from master..spt_values where type = 'p'
    and number <= 12*@calYear
    )
select year(dt) YearDesc, datename(month, dt) MonthName, month(dt) MonthNum, dt FirstDayOfMonth 
from cte2
order by dt