Puedes probar esto
DECLARE @Table TABLE(
ID INT,
ParentID INT,
NAME VARCHAR(20)
)
INSERT INTO @Table (ID,ParentID,[NAME]) SELECT 1, NULL, 'A'
INSERT INTO @Table (ID,ParentID,[NAME]) SELECT 2, 1, 'B-1'
INSERT INTO @Table (ID,ParentID,[NAME]) SELECT 3, 1, 'B-2'
INSERT INTO @Table (ID,ParentID,[NAME]) SELECT 4, 2, 'C-1'
INSERT INTO @Table (ID,ParentID,[NAME]) SELECT 5, 2, 'C-2'
DECLARE @ID INT
SELECT @ID = 2
;WITH ret AS(
SELECT *
FROM @Table
WHERE ID = @ID
UNION ALL
SELECT t.*
FROM @Table t INNER JOIN
ret r ON t.ParentID = r.ID
)
SELECT *
FROM ret