Esta es una manera rápida y fácil:
DECLARE @T TABLE(full_location_id varchar(100));
INSERT INTO @T
VALUES ('A1-BF-35-B1'),
('AR-B3');
WITH CTE AS
(
SELECT full_location_id,
LEN(full_location_id)-LEN(REPLACE(full_location_id,'-','')) N
FROM @T
)
SELECT full_location_id,
PARSENAME(REPLACE(full_location_id,'-','.'),N+1),
PARSENAME(REPLACE(full_location_id,'-','.'),N),
PARSENAME(REPLACE(full_location_id,'-','.'),N-1),
PARSENAME(REPLACE(full_location_id,'-','.'),N-2)
FROM CTE
Resultados:
╔══════════════════╦══════╦══════╦══════╦══════╗
║ full_location_id ║ Col1 ║ Col2 ║ Col3 ║ Col4 ║
╠══════════════════╬══════╬══════╬══════╬══════╣
║ A1-BF-35-B1 ║ A1 ║ BF ║ 35 ║ B1 ║
║ AR-B3 ║ AR ║ B3 ║ NULL ║ NULL ║
╚══════════════════╩══════╩══════╩══════╩══════╝
Y aquí hay un sqlfiddle con una demostración.